In addition, kinesiophobia and pain catastrophising were significantly associated with impaired foot function, and pain catastrophising was significantly associated with first step pain in people with plantar heel pain. A significant association was also found between emotional distress with foot pain and foot function in some people with plantar heel pain. A narrative synthesis of the quantitative data revealed that negative emotional and cognitive factors were more common in people with foot/ankle pain compared to those without foot/ankle pain. Integration of the quantitative and qualitative data were not possible due to the disparate nature of the included studies. The overall quality of the studies was considered high. ResultsĮighteen studies were included, consisting of 13 quantitative, 4 qualitative and 1 mixed methods study. A convergent segregated approach was used to synthesise and integrate quantitative and qualitative data. The Mixed Methods Assessment Tool was used to evaluate study quality. The databases MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PsychInfo, and Scopus were searched. MethodsĪ mixed methods systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for mixed methods systematic reviews. The objectives of this review were to evaluate: (1) the psychosocial characteristics of participants with foot/ankle pain compared to participants without foot/ankle pain (2) the association between psychosocial factors with pain and function in people with foot/ankle pain and (3) understand the psychosocial factors associated with the lived experience of foot/ankle pain.
Foot and ankle pain is common, and generally viewed through a biomedical lens rather than applying a biopsychosocial model.
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